Treatment For Kidney Disease
If detected early enough, the progress of kidney disease can be slowed and sometimes even prevented. In the early stages, changes to diet and medication can help to increase the life of your kidneys.
If kidney function is reduced to less than 10 per cent of normal, the loss of function must be replaced by dialysis or a kidney transplant. Dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that removes waste products and extra water from the blood by filtering it through a special membrane .
How Long Can I Expect My Cat To Live
Unfortunately, once the kidneys are damaged, they have very limited ability to recover. However, with proper management, most CRF cases progress very slowly. With treatment, your cat may have several years of good quality, active life ahead.
Prognosis Of Chronic Kidney Disease
If chronic kidney disease is caused by a disorder that can be corrected and if that disorder has not been present for too long, then kidney function may improve when the causative disorder is successfully treated. Otherwise, kidney function tends to worsen over time. The rate of decline in kidney function depends somewhat on the underlying disorder causing chronic kidney disease and on how well the disorder is controlled. For example, diabetes and high blood pressure, particularly if poorly controlled, cause kidney function to decline more rapidly. Chronic kidney disease is fatal if not treated.
When the decline in kidney function is severe , survival is usually limited to several months in people who are not treated, but people who are treated with dialysis can live much longer. However, even with dialysis, people with end-stage kidney failure die sooner than people their age who do not have end-stage kidney disease. Most die from heart or blood vessel disorders or infections.
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What Should I Avoid Eating If I Have High Blood Pressure Or Kidney Disease
If you have kidney disease, avoid foods and beverages that are high in sodium.
Additional steps you can take to meet your blood pressure goals may include eating heart-healthy and low-sodium meals, quitting smoking, being active, getting enough sleep, and taking your medicines as prescribed. You should also limit alcoholic drinksno more than two per day for men and one per day for womenbecause consuming too many alcoholic beverages raises blood pressure.
In addition, a health care professional may recommend that you eat moderate or reduced amounts of protein.
Proteins break down into waste products that the kidneys filter from the blood. Eating more protein than your body needs may burden your kidneys and cause kidney function to decline faster. However, eating too little protein may lead to malnutrition, a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients.
If you have kidney disease and are on a restricted protein diet, a health care professional will use blood tests to monitor your nutrient levels.
What Is The Outlook
Stages 1-3 CKD are common, with most cases occurring in older people. It tends to become gradually worse over months or years. However, the rate of progression varies from case to case, and often depends on the severity of any underlying condition. For example, some kidney conditions may cause your kidney function to become worse relatively quickly. However, in most cases, CKD progresses only very slowly.
For many people with CKD there is a much higher risk of developing serious CVD than of developing end-stage kidney failure.
In short, the following can make a big difference to your outlook :
- Attention to blood pressure control.
- Careful review of medications to make sure that the only ones used are those which put least strain on kidneys.
- Tackling factors that reduce your risk of developing CVDs.
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What Tests And Procedures Diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease usually causes no symptoms in its early stages. Only lab tests can detect any developing problems. Anyone at increased risk for chronic kidney disease should be routinely tested for development of this disease.
- Urine, blood, and imaging tests are used to detect kidney disease, as well as to follow its progress.
- All of these tests have limitations. They are often used together to develop a picture of the nature and extent of the kidney disease.
- In general, this testing can be performed on an outpatient basis.
Urine tests
Urinalysis: Analysis of the urine affords enormous insight into the function of the kidneys. The first step in urinalysis is doing a dipstick test. The dipstick has reagents that check the urine for the presence of various normal and abnormal constituents including protein. Then, the urine is examined under a microscope to look for red and white blood cells, and the presence of casts and crystals .
Only minimal quantities of albumin are present in urine normally. A positive result on a dipstick test for protein is abnormal. More sensitive than a dipstick test for protein is a laboratory estimation of the urine albumin and creatinine in the urine. The ratio of albumin and creatinine in the urine provides a good estimate of albumin excretion per day.
Blood tests
Other tests
What Laboratory Studies Should Be Ordered To Help Establish The Diagnosis How Should The Results Be Interpreted
Diagnosis of ACS in patients with CKD
The diagnosis of ACS in patients with CKD is based on the combination of clinical presentation, electrocardiographic changes suggestive of acute ischemia ,and elevation of cardiac biomarkers. However, the interpretation of biomarkers in patients with impaired renal function must be done carefully.
Elevations in serum troponins are common among patients with renal failure who do not have clinical evidence of myocardial damage. These elevations are not completely understood but may be secondary to left ventricular hypertrophy due to chronic volume and pressure overload leading to release of free cytosolic troponin from cardiac myocytes and impaired renal clearance of these markers.
Although new troponin assays seem to have a better specificity to detect myocardial damage, their interpretation is also limited in patients with CKD, particularly when measuring Troponin T . This subtype of troponin is more commonly elevated than Troponin I because there is a higher amount of unbound cTnT in the cytosol than cTnI and because its higher molecular weight limits its clearance by the kidneys.
Notably troponin elevations in asymptomatic patients with CKD have prognostic significance, as they are associated with worse clinical outcomes, particularly at long term, as well as decreased survival time from postischemic changes or stunning after dialysis. Troponin measurement is useful in CKD patients with suspected ACS.
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Does Kidney Failure Cause Pain
Kidney failure in itself does not cause pain. However, the consequences of kidney failure may cause pain and discomfort in different parts of the body.
Amyloid proteins
Normal functioning kidneys filter amyloid from the blood stream. In kidney failure amyloid proteins in the blood rise, and can separate and clump together forming amyloid deposits into a variety of tissue and organs, including joints and tendons. This can result in symptoms of:
- Patients who are on dialysis may have discomfort when on the dialysis machine.
Underlying chronic disease pain
- Pain is often a consequence of the underlying chronic disease that led to kidney failure, for example:
- People with poorly controlled diabetes may develop diabetic neuropathy pain.
- People who have peripheral vascular disease also may have pain in their extremities, and may develop claudication .
What Clinical Studies For High Blood Pressure And Kidney Disease Are Looking For Participants
You can view a filtered list of clinical studies on high blood pressure and kidney disease that are federally funded, open, and recruiting at www.ClinicalTrials.gov. You can expand or narrow the list to include clinical studies from industry, universities, and individuals however, the National Institutes of Health does not review these studies and cannot ensure they are safe. Always talk with your health care professional before you participate in a clinical study.
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A Brief Note On The Major Micro Vascular Complication Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein , toll like receptor 4 , lipocalin-2 , and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteer
Are There Certain People Who Should Not Get The Vaccine
Yes, you should not get the Pfizer or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine if you have ever had a severe allergic reaction to any ingredients in the vaccines.
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When am I fully protected? |
2 weeks after second dose |
2 weeks after second dose |
2 weeks after first dose |
|---|---|---|---|
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When can I get a third dose? |
8 months after second dose |
8 months after second dose |
Unknown at this time |
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Too Much Acid In Your Blood
Healthy kidneys remove extra acids from your blood and get rid of them through your urine. When you develop Chronic Kidney Disease, your kidneys may let the acid level of your blood become too high. This is known as Metabolic Acidosis, which can cause further damage to your kidneys, harm your bones, and increase your risk of death.
What If I Have Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3
Stage 3 means moderate CKD. This often means that you do not need to see a kidney specialist but your GP will need to see your regularly for monitoring, including blood and urine tests.
You may need treatments to reduce your risk of progressing to more severe CKD. You will probably also need other treatments to reduce your risk of any other problems, particularly cardiovascular diseases .
However if regular blood and urine tests show that your CKD is progressing to stage 4 then you will usually need to be referred to a kidney specialist to consider further assessments and treatment.
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Mineral And Bone Disorders
Patients with stage 1 to 3a CKD can be screened for osteoporosis using the same strategy as the general population. For those with more advanced CKD, densitometry is not recommended because fracture risk prediction is less accurate.7,33 Additionally, certain subsets of metabolic bone disease are not detected by densitometry.7,33 Bone biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice to evaluate for possible adynamic bone disease in patients with advanced CKD. Patients with stage 3a to 5 CKD should have serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase levels checked regularly abnormal levels may indicate the presence of renal mineral and bone disorders.7,33 Consultation with a nephrologist and/or endocrinologist is recommended for patients with advanced kidney disease in whom renal mineral and bone disorder is suspected. Details of these and other interventions for patients with CKD are outlined in Table 3.21
Clinical Interventions for Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease
Adapted with permission from Baumgarten M, Gehr T. Chronic kidney disease: detection and evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2011 84:1146.
Clinical Interventions for Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease
Adapted with permission from Baumgarten M, Gehr T. Chronic kidney disease: detection and evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2011 84:1146.
How Does The Urinary System Clean My Blood
Your kidneys are an essential part of filtering your blood. Heres how the urinary system works:
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Stages Of Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease occurs when one suffers from gradual and usually permanent loss of kidney function over time. This happens gradually, usually over months to years. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five stages of increasing severity. The term “renal” refers to the kidney, so another name for kidney failure is “renal failure.” Mild kidney disease is often called renal insufficiency.
With loss of kidney function, there is an accumulation of water, waste, and toxic substances in the body that are normally excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney function also causes other problems such as anemia, high blood pressure, acidosis , disorders of cholesterol and fatty acids, and bone disease.
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease is also referred to as kidney failure, end-stage kidney disease, or end-stage renal disease, wherein there is total or near-total loss of kidney function. There is dangerous accumulation of water, waste, and toxic substances, and most individuals in this stage of kidney disease need dialysis or transplantation to stay alive.
| Stage | ||
|---|---|---|
| *GFR is glomerular filtration rate, a measure of the kidney’s function. | ||
| 1 | Slight kidney damage with normal or increased filtration | More than 90 |
| Mild decrease in kidney function | 60 to 89 | |
| Moderate decrease in kidney function | 30 to 59 | |
| Severe decrease in kidney function | 15 to 29 | |
| Less than 15 |
Annotated Bibliography On Polycystic Kidney Disease
Inherited Genetic DiseaseTitle: Polycystic Kidney DiseaseIntroductionPolycystic Kidney Disease is a fairly common genetic disorder of the kidneys. It affects approximately 1in 750 people. There are 2 types, the autosomal dominant and the autosomal recessive . Autosomal dominant is far more common of the two. The disease presents with lots of cysts on the kidneys and can not be cured. Medication can manage the symptoms. The symptoms include urinary tract infections
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Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease
The main way to reduce the chances of CKD developing is to ensure any existing conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are carefully managed.
Some lifestyle changes can also reduce the risk of CKD developing, these include:
- having a healthy diet
- avoiding drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
- exercising regularly
How Can I Prevent Ckd
Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, working with your doctor to keep your blood sugar and blood pressure under control is the best way to prevent kidney disease.
Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent diabetes, high blood pressure and kidney disease, or help keep them under control. Follow these tips to lower your risk for kidney disease and the problems that cause it:
- Follow a low-salt, low-fat diet
- Exercise at least 30 minutes on most days of the week
- Have regular check-ups with your doctor
- Do not smoke or use tobacco
- Limit alcohol
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E What Diagnostic Tests Should Be Performed
The diagnosis of CKD in patients with CAD is based on criteria established by the National Kidney Foundation/Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative for the general population, including those individuals with and without CAD. These criteria include: Kidney damage for more than 3 months manifested by pathologic abnormalities or markers of kidney damage in the blood and urine, or on imaging with or without decreased GFR or a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 for > 3 months with or without kidney damage. Once the diagnosis has been established the NKF/KDOQI recommends classification in 5 stages according to the GFR level (stage 1 kidney damage with GFR ⥠90 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 2 GFR 60-89 m:/min/1.73 m2, stage 3 GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 4 GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2, stage 5 GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or dialysis.
A meta-analysis that included more than 105,000 subjects demonstrated that all-cause mortality, as well as cardiovascular mortality, inversely correlated with GFR at 8-years follow-up. This study also demonstrated that higher levels of proteinuria either by urine dipstick or albumin/creatinine ratio were associated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
Nonetheless, these findings should be interpreted with caution as Cystatin-C levels might be elevated due to factors not directly related to kidney failure, such as inflammation and cardiovascular disease itself. In addition to this, Cystatin-C levels are not routinely measured in clinical settings.
B History Part : Prevalence
It is estimated that 17% to 48% of patients with CAD have at least some degree of renal dysfunction. Patients with CKD have an increased prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis and tend to have severe disease. For example, approximately half of elderly patients with CKD carry the concomitant diagnosis of heart failure indicative of the advanced stage of their cardiovascular disease.
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What Do Your Kidneys Do
You have two kidneys. They are bean-shaped organs that are located toward your back, on either side of your spine, just underneath the rib cage. Each kidney is about the size of your fist.
Your kidneys have many jobs, but their main job is to filter your blood, getting rid of toxins and excess salt and water as urine. If your kidneys are damaged and dont work as they should, wastes can build up in your blood and can make you sick. Your kidneys also balance the amount of salts and minerals in your body, make hormones that control blood pressure, make red blood cells and keep your bones strong.
Anatomy And Physiology : Normal Structure And Function
Physiology:Normal Structure and FunctionAccording to Patton and Thibodeau , the kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. The convex side of each kidney is located laterally and the concave side medial. The renal hilum on the concave side is the point where the renal artery enters, the vein and ureter leave the kidney. Deep to the perirenal fat, the kidney is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule. Deep to the
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