Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Criteria For Staging Chronic Kidney Disease
The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease was established in 2002 by the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative group in the USA . There were numerous factors prompting the group to establish clarity for the definition of chronic renal failure, which was already an extensive health care burden. With up to 100,000 new patient cases per year reaching end-stage renal disease, something had to done to try and detect kidney disease earlier.
The Cockcroft-Gault equation has been widely used to detect renal dysfunction, adjust drug dosing for drugs excreted by the kidneys, and assess the effectiveness of treatments for progressive kidney disease. It has also been used to evaluate patientâs health insurance claims and assign them points, which would prioritize them on the waiting list for a kidney transplant, similar to the way in which the model for end-stage liver disease is now used for liver transplantation. However, there is established evidence that the degree of chronic kidney disease and not just end-stage renal disease is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and AKI . Moreover, new treatments, in particular angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, have been shown to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease by reducing the damaging effects of the proteinuria and raised intra-glomerular pressure encountered with hyper tension .
Table 3 Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative staging criteria for chronic kidney disease
High Risk Of Needing A Transplant
Researchers reviewed each studied patients clinical symptoms, and also collected biopsies and genetic sequencing data. Ultimately, the team identified 15 patients from eight families as having the new disease. They then utilized urine collected from those 15 patients to grow cells in a lab setting. Analysis of those lab-grown cells helped the team investigate the precise defect behind TULP3-related ciliopathy.
Over half of all study participants needed a liver or kidney transplant. Before this work, the original cause for their organ failure was a mystery.
We were surprised at how many patients we were able to identify with TULP3-related ciliopathy and this would suggest that the condition is prevalent within those with liver and kidney failure, Prof. Sayer explains. We hope to provide a proper diagnosis for many more families in the future. This work is a reminder that it is always worth investigating the underlying reasons for kidney or liver failure to get to the bottom of the condition.
Finding a genetic cause of liver or kidney failure has huge implications for other family members, especially if they are wishing to donate a kidney to the patient, the researcher adds.
Communicating With A Dying Person
Many people find it difficult to discuss death openly with a dying person, mistakenly believing that the dying person does not want to discuss death or will be hurt by such a discussion. However, people living with eventually fatal conditions usually do better when family members continue to speak with them and include them in decision making. The following suggestions can help people feel more comfortable when communicating with a dying person:
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Listen to what the person is saying. Ask, for example, What are you thinking? rather than shutting down communication with such comments as Dont talk that way.
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Talk about what the person would envision for surviving family members at a time long after death has occurred and work back toward events nearer to death. This allows for a gentle introduction to a discussion of more immediate concerns, such as the persons preferences regarding funeral arrangements and support for loved ones.
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Reminisce with the dying person because this is a way of honoring the persons life.
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Continue to speak with the dying person, even if the person is unable to speak. Other ways of communicating, such as holding the persons hand, giving the person a massage, or just being near the person, can be very comforting.
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Cirrhosis Of The Liver
Cirrhosis is characterized by severe scarring of the liver. When the damaged tissue accumulates enough to interrupt liver functioning, it puts your health in serious jeopardy. When scarring starts to outnumber and overwhelm healthy tissue, the liver begins to fail. Sometimes this stage is the first one that presents symptoms noticeable by the individual, including jaundice, dry mouth, muscle cramps, increased ease of bleeding, buildup of fluid in the abdomen , peripheral edema, and reduced brain functioning .
Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 2
Type 2HRS is characterized by a stable or slowly progressive impairment in renal function in patients with decompensated liver disease who suffer from refractory ascites . Patients usually develop oliguria over a course of several weeks or months, marked by excessive salt and water retention and a slow but steady incline in renal retention parameters . Apart from the time of development, the same specific diagnostic criteria for HRS-AKI also apply for HRS type 2 .
Type 2HRS has been classified as a form of chronic kidney disease in patients with cirrhosis, and . However, type 2HRS or HRS-CKD is challenging to diagnose in clinical practice, as it is a diagnosis by exclusion, yet patients with liver cirrhosis often present with one or several other potential causes for kidney disease. However, according to the ADQI group, CKD due to other causes may develop on top of HRS type 2 . As a result, only a few studies have been published on type 2HRS and data vary substantially. For instance, the reported prevalence among patients with HRS ranges from 16% to 61% . In general, prognosis in HRS type 2 is poor, but more favorable when compared to AKI-HRS .
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Acute Kidney Injury Network Criteria For Staging Acute Kidney Injury
In 2005 the Acute Kidney Injury Network was formed, comprising a group of experts in nephrology and critical care who sought to revise the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative group’s original work from the previous year, which resulted in the development of the RIFLE criteria. A unifying term for acute renal failure, acute kidney injury , which encompassed all causes of acute renal failure, was established along with specific defining criteria and a classification based on severity of disease . Patients are assigned to the worse category within the RIFLE criteria, defined by changes in serum creatinine concentration or GFR from baseline or urine output per unit body weight per hour over a defined period of time. The AKIN refined the RIFLE criteria to reflect data demonstrating the finding that small changes in serum creatinine had a significant impact on patient mortality . The ‘Risk’ category for AKI was broadened to include changes in serum creatinine up to 26.4 umol/l within a 48 hour time frame.
Table 1 Acute Kidney Injury Network acute kidney injury staging criteria
Scientists Discover New Liver And Kidney Disease
Scientists from Newcastle University found a new disease in a ground-breaking discovery that could help patients with unexplained liver and kidney problems.
They established the inherited condition, called TULP3-related ciliopathy that causes kidney and liver failure in children and adults.
The research is published in the American Journal of Human Genetics and was conducted by Professor John Sayer et al.
There are numerous reasons for kidney and liver organ failure, which if left untreated is life-threatening, but often patients do not get a precise diagnosis which can make their best course of treatment unclear.
In the study, the team found that a faulty gene is a catalyst for increased fibrosis in the liver and kidney, often resulting in the need for a transplant.
They reviewed clinical symptoms and took liver biopsies and genetic sequencing from scores of patients, where a total of 15 patients from eight families were identified as having this new disease.
Urine samples from these patients were used to grow cells in a laboratory and then investigated to determine the precise defect causing TULP3-related ciliopathy.
Over half the patients in the study had a liver or kidney transplant as their condition had deteriorated significantly. In these patients, the original cause for their organ failure was unknown until the study.
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What Happens When The Liver And Kidneys Shut Down
When the kidneys shut down the body is unable to excrete waste and maintain its electrolyte imbalance, MedicineNet states. People who suffer from liver failure may experience bleeding disorders, excessive fluid on the brain, infections and an increased risk of kidney failure, according to Mayo Clinic.
When someone experiences liver failure excessive fluid in the brain causes pressure that can move brain tissue and deprive it of oxygen. Additionally, it is no longer able to offer the clotting factors that prevent blood from being too thin, resulting in bleeding disorders. One of the first places where this occurs is the gastrointestinal tract. It also makes people vulnerable to infections, and places extra pressure on the kidneys that results in them beginning to fail.
As the kidneys are responsible for excreting waste and maintaining an electrolyte imbalance, the patient may enter metabolic acidosis. The kidneys are no longer able to remove ketones from the blood, making it more acidic. Low sodium bicarbonate and high lactic acid levels have the same effect. As a result, the patient may develop ketone breath, which has a fruity scent. He or she may also become fatigued, lethargic, confused and drowsy. Eventually, his or her heart may begin to suffer, including arrhythmias such as tachycardia, edema and congestive heart failure.
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Does Itching Indicate Anything About Liver Disease Progression Or Prognosis
Liver failure is sometimes accompanied by itching. But you can develop problem itching early on, before you even know you have liver disease.
In fact, pruritis can develop at any point in liver disease. This symptom alone says nothing about liver disease severity, progression, or prognosis.
That doesnt mean its not a serious problem. When itching persists, it can contribute to:
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Which Treatment Can Increase Both Kidney And Liver Failure Life Expectancy
People who are at the stage of kidney and liver failure find dialysis and organ transplant the only solution. Well, both of these surgical treatments are linked to many health hazards that can infect other organs inside your body as well. The ayurvedic kidney treatment provided by Karma Ayurveda is capable of providing a healthy living to many liver and kidney patients since 1937. Both Kidney and Liver Failure Life Expectancy
It is the ayurvedic kidney care institution which suggests the right way of natural kidney treatment that helps the patients to avoid the pain of full treatments. At Karma Ayurveda, Dr. Puneet Dhawan understands the major cause of the complications and provides such treatment which can significantly eliminate these causes. Karma Ayurveda becomes the utmost center for kidney treatment to all those, who had to lose all hops to live a disease free life. Karma Ayurveda Review, Feedback and Complaint
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Causes Of Liver Cirrhosis And Renal Failure
Liver cirrhosis is caused by various factors such as viral infections, excessive intake of alcohol and chronic heart failure. Also, metabolic problems like Wilsonâs disease, or the excessive amount of copper in the body, and hemochromatosis, or the excessive amount of iron in the body, can result to the said condition. Biliary conditions like primary biliary cirrhosis can also result in liver cirrhosis. Certain medications such as herbal supplements may also cause damage to the liver and eventually lead to cirrhosis.
Renal failure is defined as the gradual loss of the functions of the kidneys due to several factors. Some of the more common causes of the disease aside from cirrhosis are kidney disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Factors that can also put people at risk for renal failure are high cholesterol, lupus and sickle cell anemia. Symptoms of renal failure include pain in the lower back, blood in urine, and decrease amount of urine output.
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Understanding The Liver And Kidney Connection
08/10/2021
Conscious Healthy Living
Ayurveda teaches how the mind, body, spirit, and even the universe are connected working together to bring health and vitality to all creation. It makes sense, then, that the liver and kidneys also work together, and are quite literally connected both physically and functionally. Its hard to look at liver health without looking at kidney health, so check out the functions of the liver and kidney, how they are connected, and some easy ayurvedic tips for keeping them functioning at their best.
Fatty Liver Disease Promotes The Formation Of Kidney Stones
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease in western countries, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Consequences of NAFLD can also include kidney disease and kidney stones, although the mechanisms for the development of these kidney complications as a result of NAFLD have not yet been fully explained. Researchers at the Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors in Dortmund have now published a paper on how fatty liver disease promotes the formation of kidney stones.
Researchers at the IfADo have found out in studies that the metabolic processes in the liver are disturbed by fatty liver disease. As a result, there is a higher accumulation of oxalate. Oxalate is not only present in some foods, but is formed as a metabolic product in the liver and excreted through the kidneys in the urine. An increased concentration of oxalate in the urine is associated with a higher risk of progression of chronic kidney disease because oxalate binds calcium, which can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
Scientific Contact:
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How Dermatologists Help Patients With Kidney Disease
Kidney doctors, called nephrologists, often care for patients with kidney disease. When a kidney disease affects the skin, a nephrologist may team up with a dermatologist. Some skin conditions that develop due to kidney disease can be difficult to control. For example, if a patient has extremely itchy skin, it may be impossible to sleep through the night. A board-certified dermatologist can help a patient get some relief. This may involve using the right balance of moisturizers and medication that you apply to the skin. Some patients get relief with a treatment called UVB phototherapy.
The right skin care may also help. If the kidney disease is causing extremely dry skin, these tips from dermatologists may help:
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2019. Page last reviewed Mar. 11, 2019. Last accessed Feb. 27, 2020.
ImagesImage 1: Image used with permission of the American Academy of Dermatology National Library of Dermatologic Teaching Slides.
Images 4, 5, 7, 8, 11: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
ReferencesAmin A, Burgess EF. Skin manifestations associated with kidney cancer. Semin Oncol. 2016 43:408-12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2019. Page last reviewed Mar. 11, 2019. Last accessed Feb. 27, 2020.
Galperin TA, Cronin AJ, et al. Cutaneous Manifestations of ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 9:201-18.
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Complications Of Liver Failure
Doctors will work to prevent complications, which include:
- Cerebral edema. Fluid buildup is a problem with liver failure. In addition to your belly, it can also pool in your brain and lead to high blood pressure there.
- Blood clotting problems. Your liver plays a big role in helping your blood clot. When it canât do that job, youâre at risk of bleeding too freely.
- Infections, like pneumonia and UTIs. End-stage liver disease can make you more likely to get infections.
- Kidney failure. Liver failure can change the way your kidneys work and lead to failure.
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Treatment For Acute Kidney Failure Caused By Sepsis
When someone has sepsis or septic shock, the doctors work to treat the sepsis, the infection that caused the sepsis, and the damage that the sepsis has done, such as the kidney failure.
If the kidneys are not working efficiently enough to filter toxins and allow urine to flow, an artificial way of filtering the kidneys, dialysis, will be needed. Dialysis is not a cure. Instead, it gives the doctors a way to clean the blood while they try to get everything else under control. There are two types of dialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis is generally to manage chronic kidney failure. But it can be used for acute kidney failure where hemodialysis isnt possible, in areas with limited resources. For example, peritoneal dialysis has been used in Africa for patients who have malaria-associated acute kidney injury.
With hemodialysis, a machine, called a hemodializer, is the artificial kidney. A catheter placed into the patients vein leads to the other end of the catheter in the hemodializer. When the process starts, blood flows a few ounces at a time, from the patients body to the machine. The machine filters it and sends the blood back through the catheter to the body.
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Dosage And Application Of Terlipressin And Albumin
Terlipressin should be administered by i.v. bolus with an initial dose of 0.5-1 mg every 4-6 h. The dose can be increased to a maximum of 2 mg every 4-6 h, with a daily maximum of 12 mg . Improvement of kidney function during treatment is defined as a decrease of serum creatinine of more than 25% of the baseline value prior to treatment. If kidney function does not improve 3 days after initiation of treatment, the dose of terlipressin should be increased up to 2 mg every 4-6 h.
Alternatively, continuous infusion of terlipressin shows similar response rates with lower adverse effects than administration by bolus . The initial daily dose of continuous infusion of terlipressin is 2 mg. The mean daily dose of terlipressin was significantly higher in the group treated with i.v. bolus administration compared to the group treated with continuous application. Furthermore, the rate of side effects was significantly lower in the group with continuous application of terlipressin . These data suggest that terlipressin given continuously is effective in lower doses and is tolerated better than i.v. bolus administration. Despite the lower doses of terlipressin in continuous infusion, the effect seems to be more stable by lowering portal pressure permanently.
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